Police Brutality and Racial Profiling Essay Example

Police Brutality and Racial Profiling Paper Like most issues, there are two sides to every story. In the case regarding police brutality and racial profiling there are indefinitely two sides. One is the agreement in which police abuse their powers and brutalize the members of minority groups. People believe that police officers Often use excessive force against people who are suspected of crimes and often end up killing them. People argue that police use vague justifications in apprehending a suspect, which leads to the injury or death of a member of a minority. Also, police are allowed to use the stop and frisk method, which violates the Fourth Amendment ban on unreasonable search and seizure. Not to mention the Fourteenth Amendments requirement that all Americans enjoy equal protection of the law. In the opposition of this issue, people believe that police brutality is over- exaggerated, and that police rarely use excessive force. Often times, Police officers are put in difficult situations where they would have to make quick decisions. People say that crime has steadily decreased due to the police officers. With the use of the stop and frisk method, police had gotten major crimes off the streets, which included gun control and prevention of murders, which ultimately made the streets a safer places. People believe that police officers arent engaging in racial profiling, but merely focusing on the high crime neighborhoods. In horrifying events in which a cop murders someone without justifying means, there is little belief to their word compared to multiple witnesses statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Brutality and Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Police Brutality and Racial Profiling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Police Brutality and Racial Profiling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The oppositions point has little evidence supporting their argument compared to the supporter% views. Logically, the one with more evidence would be the one believed. As a cop kills one person with multiple witnesses, people would often believe the multiple witnesses statements ether than a cops sole statement. There are many ways in which an officer can avoid murdering someone when the suspect is supposedly moving to attack. Police officers are equipped with a hand-gun, a Taste, and a baton; which two out of three are them are non-lethal. Police brutality and racial profiling has been evident all throughout history. In order to support the argument that, even today, police abuse their powers to brutalize members of the minority, the article White Power, Black Crime, and Racial Politics incorporates the rhetorical appeals of logos and pathos. Due o logos, the inclusion of the different statistics, the history of racial profiling, and police brutality dating back to the civil rights movement, supports their argument. It is said in the article that, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 may have reduced the possibility that entire racial groups could be sanctioned for mistreatment, but in reality law enforcement can still legally target individuals based on their race. (White Power, Black Crime, and Racial Politics 32). By including stories of peoples experiences with racial profiling, supports the argument with the strong sense of pathos. A Professor from Harvard University was racially profiled due to a bystander was unsure on whether or not a potential robbery was taking place. When the reporting officer appeared at Professor Gates household, it is said, The officer demanded proof that Gates was the lawful resident and was shown his drivers license and Harvard University identification card. (37). It is proper precautions to make sure that he is the one that is the resident of the house, but if Gates stepped out of the house before showing the officer Identification, the situation wouldve been different. Gates lawyers had told him, Sergeant Crowley would have been within his parameters as a police Officer to arrest Gates for breaking and entering if he had stepped outside, surrendering his protections against unreasonable search and seizure and mirroring the trap that many black men fall into when encountering police in profiling situations (37). If Gates had not acted accordingly; he wouldve been arrested for presumably breaking and entering into his own house. It is easily proven that he is the resident of the household, but due to his color, it wouldve been a long and strenuous process. Although there were no physical acts of police ritually, obvious signs of racially profiling had occurred. There are many attempts to shed light on the brutality that is done onto racial minorities; the article, Black NYPD Cops Expose Climate of Rampant Racial Profiling in Force, however, opens people?s eyes that white policemen also brutalize their African American coworkers. Incorporating the rhetorical appeals, logos and ethos, this article becomes credible by including the statistics of the African American officers who were victimized to the racial profiling and interviewing said officers. In this article, it is said that, One tactical counterpoint is that over 90 percent of blacks who are stopped for one reason or another are found simply to be minding their own business. And yet all 25 of the interviewed officers reported being racially profiled. Of those, only a third filed complaints, officially or unofficially. Twenty-four of the interviewed officers reported being racially profiled by their white peers when off-duty and not in uniform. (Black NYPD Cops Expose Climate Rampant Racial Profiling in Force 1). This article provides proof of racial profiling conducted by law enforcement. Since the officers who fell victim to the police ritually and racial profiling were interviewed, people can get a bigger outlook from the victims point of view, since the facts and the credibility enhance the article. In regards of police brutality, the article Police Brutality: Do U. S. Police departments use excessive force? supports the argument where law enforcement officers abuse their power to brutalize and abuse people in the United States. The rising amount of brutality done by the police has caught the eyes of the nation. Supporters of this argument argue that police are using excessive force to apprehend suspected people of crimes and often ailing them regardless of being innocent of guilty. Opponents argue that the excessive force is being exaggerated. The supporters argument of police departments using excessive force has many strong points with the multitude of statistics and listing of events in which police officers use too much force. The rhetorical appeals, ethos, logos, and pathos, are found with very strong points. The credibility of this article is found worthy due to the sources that were cited, the statistics, and the stories of the event that had happened. There were many events that have happened within 50 years to create a avocado and controversy. The leading case in this article appeals to the rhetorical appeal, pathos, is an event that had happened in Ferguson Missouri. This article states, In August 2014, a deadly incident in Ferguson, Missouri, catapulted the issue onto front pages across the country. Darrel Wilson, a white police officer in Ferguson, a Missouri town near SST. Louis shot and killed Michael Brown and a friend for walking illegally in the middle of a street (Police Brutality: Do U. S. Police departments use excessive force? 1). This case had shaken the country and created havoc among the people of Ferguson. There were two sides to this story, which included the police officers side, and the witnesses. It is said, While police claimed that Brown attacked Wilson in his car, eyewitnesses asserted that Brown was shot while holding his hands in the air to show he was unarmed (1). After this Incident, there were a vast amounts riots in which led to excessive force against demonstrators and for arresting journalists (1 Another case similar to Browns case, a man who was allegedly selling cigarettes illegally has been killed by the hands of a police officer. It is said that, Footage of the incident corded by a bystander showed police gripping Garner, who was asthmatic, in a choke hold, causing him to lose consciousness and die (1 ). Due to this incident, NYPD decided that they were going to go over on the training specifications for police officers. These events also tie into the rhetorical appeal of logos. By this article including many different cases in which racial profiling has occurred along with the event of law enforcement officers using excessive force, intensifies the argument in this article. Statistics are included in this article, which shows the percentile of complaints against police officer: hat had used excessive force, 60% happened to be physical force. This artic also included a brief history of police brutality has been included to show how far back police brutality has been going on. The article, Stop and Frisk: Should police have the right to stop, question, and frisk anyone they deem suspicious? Enunciates the power given to law enforcement officers as they have the means to abuse it. The Stop and Frisk methods is thought of as a great way police officers get guns off the streets and prevent a numerous amount of crimes that eventually led to New York City to be a safer place. But many people oppose that using clouded judgment, officers use this method to approach and harass members of the minority group with unjustified reasons. The rhetorical appeals ethos and logos have strong points in this article. Ethos is shown with the inclusion of a Federal Judges input on the Stop and Frisk method. In 2013, federal judge Shirr Condescending ruled, NYPD had violated the F-Ruth Amendment to the Constitution, which protects people from unreasonable search and seizures and the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees every person equal protection of the laws by disproportionately targeting minorities without seasonable cause (Stop and Frisk: Should police have the right to stop, question, and frisk anyone they deem suspicious? 1) The Judge doesnt believe that the method itself is unconstitutional, but the way that the method is being used to target members of the minority groups. Including statistics on what race is more victim to the Stop and Frisk method, shows logos in this article. It is said that, In 2011 , more that 80 percent of those stopped were black or Hispanic, even though members of those groups constitute only about half of the city population (1). Another study claims hat, above 50 percent of people who were stopped by the Stop and Frisk method were because of furtive movements, while 33 percent was due to suspect casing location. This method in apprehending actual criminals is an underlying excuse to racially profile members of the minority group. Living in the 21st century, the economy is continuously progressing. Prior to the civil rights movement, people fought for equal rights. Even after the civil rights era, where equality became a part of our Constitution, people are still fighting for equality. In many parts of our country, racism still lingers. With the mutinous acts of police brutality and racial profiling, law enforcement officers should go about different means where everyone is treated equally despite their color. Police should implement different means when regarding apprehending a suspecting culprit. Instead of only focusing in high crime areas, they should spread their focus equally amongst different areas. Police departments across the country should review the way that they train their upcoming officers, so that equality is being practiced. With the uprising of incidental murders of innocent people, people of America become unrest. With the probability of lessening police brutality benefits the greatest amount of people. By getting criminals off the street in a non-lethal and justifiable way would make America safer. Across the country, people are dying. But a multitude of those deaths include members of ethnic minorities by law enforcement officers. With these heartbreaking events, questions start to rise. Questions such as: Are police using excessive force? Are police abusing their powers as law enforcement officers? Does racial profiling have to do with these murders? These question! Are all controversial topics in which has struck America, leaving the questions answered. In order to lessen the uproar towards law enforcement, officers should incorporate using their non-lethal weapons that they are assigned with.

A Brief Overview of British Literary Periods

A Brief Overview of British Literary Periods Although historians have delineated the eras of British literature in different ways over time, common divisions are outlined below.   Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period (450–1066) The term Anglo-Saxon comes from two Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons. This period of literature dates back to their invasion (along with the Jutes) of Celtic England circa 450. The era ends in 1066, when Norman France, under William, conquered England. Much of the first half of this period, prior to the seventh century, at least, had oral literature. A lot of the prose during this time was a translation of something else or legal, medical, or religious in nature; however, some works, such as Beowulf,  and those by period poets Caedmon and Cynewulf, are important. Middle English Period (1066–1500) The Middle English period sees a huge transition in the language, culture, and lifestyle of England and results in what we can recognize today as a form of â€Å"modern† (recognizable) English. The era extends to around 1500. As with the Old English period, much of the Middle English writings were religious in nature; however, from about 1350 onward, secular literature began to rise. This period is home to the likes of Chaucer, Thomas Malory, and Robert Henryson. Notable works include Piers Plowman and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.   The Renaissance (1500–1660) Recently, critics and literary historians have begun to call this the â€Å"Early Modern† period, but here we retain the historically familiar term â€Å"Renaissance.† This period is often subdivided into four parts, including the Elizabethan Age (1558–1603), the Jacobean Age (1603–1625), the Caroline Age (1625–1649), and the Commonwealth Period (1649–1660).   The Elizabethan Age was the golden age of English drama. Some of its noteworthy figures include Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and, of course, William Shakespeare.  The Jacobean Age is named for the reign of James I. It includes the works of John Donne, Shakespeare, Michael Drayton, John Webster, Elizabeth Cary, Ben Jonson, and Lady Mary Wroth. The King James translation of the Bible also appeared during the Jacobean Age.  The Caroline Age covers the reign of Charles I (â€Å"Carolus†). John Milton, Robert Burton, and George Herbert are some of the notable figures. Finally, the Commonwealth Age was so named for the period between the end of the English Civil War and the restoration of the Stuart monarchy. This is the time when Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, led Parliament, who ruled the nation. At this time, public theaters were closed (for nearly two decades) to prevent public assembly and to combat moral and religious transgressions. John Milton and Thomas Hobbes’ political writings appeared and, while drama suffered, prose writers such as Thomas Fuller, Abraham Cowley, and Andrew Marvell published prolifically. The Neoclassical Period (1600–1785) The Neoclassical period is also subdivided into ages, including The Restoration (1660–1700), The Augustan Age (1700–1745), and The Age of Sensibility (1745–1785). The Restoration period sees some response to the puritanical age, especially in the theater. Restoration comedies (comedies of manner) developed during this time under the talent of playwrights such as William Congreve and John Dryden. Satire, too, became quite popular, as evidenced by the success of Samuel Butler. Other notable writers of the age include Aphra Behn, John Bunyan, and John Locke. The Augustan Age was the time of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, who imitated those first Augustans and even drew parallels between themselves and the first set. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a poet, was prolific at this time and noted for challenging stereotypically female roles. Daniel Defoe was also popular.   The Age of Sensibility  (sometimes referred to as the Age of Johnson) was the time of Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Hester Lynch Thrale, James Boswell, and, of course, Samuel Johnson. Ideas such as neoclassicism, a critical and literary mode, and the Enlightenment, a particular worldview shared by many intellectuals, were championed during this age. Novelists to explore include Henry Fielding, Samuel Richardson, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne, as well as the poets William Cowper and Thomas Percy. The Romantic Period (1785–1832) The beginning date for the Romantic period is often debated. Some claim it is 1785, immediately following the Age of Sensibility. Others say it began in 1789 with the start of the French Revolution, and still, others believe that 1798, the publication year for William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s book Lyrical Ballads, is its true beginning. The time period ends with the passage of the Reform Bill (which signaled the Victorian Era) and with the death of Sir Walter Scott. American literature has its own Romantic period, but typically when one speaks of Romanticism, one is referring to this great and diverse age of British literature, perhaps the most popular and well-known of all literary ages. This era includes the works of such juggernauts as Wordsworth, Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, John Keats, Charles Lamb, Mary Wollstonecraft, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Thomas De Quincey, Jane Austen, and Mary Shelley. There is also a minor period, also quite popular (between 1786–1800), called the Gothic era.   Writers of note for this period include Matthew Lewis, Anne Radcliffe, and William Beckford. The Victorian Period (1832–1901) This period is named for the reign of Queen Victoria, who ascended to the throne in 1837,  and it lasts until her death in 1901.  It was a time of great social, religious, intellectual, and economic issues, heralded by the passage of the Reform Bill, which expanded voting rights. The period has often been divided into â€Å"Early† (1832–1848), â€Å"Mid† (1848–1870) and â€Å"Late† (1870–1901) periods or into two phases, that of the Pre-Raphaelites (1848–1860) and that of Aestheticism and Decadence (1880–1901). This period is in strong contention with the Romantic period for being the most popular, influential, and prolific period in all of English (and world) literature. Poets of this time include Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Matthew Arnold, among others. Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and Walter Pater were advancing the essay form at this time.  Finally, prose fiction truly found its place under the auspices of Charles Dickens, Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Samuel Butler.    The Edwardian Period (1901–1914) This period is named for King Edward VII and covers the period between Victoria’s death and the outbreak of World War I. Although a short period (and a short reign for Edward VII), the era includes incredible classic novelists such as Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, Rudyard Kipling, H.G. Wells, and Henry James (who was born in America but who spent most of his writing career in England), notable poets such as Alfred Noyes and William Butler Yeats, as well as dramatists such as James Barrie, George Bernard Shaw, and John Galsworthy. The Georgian Period (1910–1936) The Georgian period usually refers to the reign of George V (1910–1936) but sometimes also includes the reigns of the four successive Georges from 1714–1830. Here, we refer to the former description as it applies chronologically and covers, for example, the Georgian poets, such as Ralph Hodgson, John Masefield, W.H. Davies, and Rupert Brooke. Georgian poetry today is typically considered to be the works of minor poets anthologized by Edward Marsh. The themes and subject matter tended to be rural or pastoral in nature, treated delicately and traditionally rather than with passion (like was found in the previous periods) or with experimentation (as would be seen in the upcoming modern period).   The Modern Period (1914–?) The modern period traditionally applies to works written after the start of World War I. Common features include bold experimentation with subject matter, style, and form, encompassing narrative, verse, and drama. W.B. Yeats’ words, â€Å"Things fall apart; the center cannot hold† are often referred to when describing the core tenet or â€Å"feeling† of modernist concerns. Some of the most notable writers of this period, among many, include the novelists James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, D.H. Lawrence, Joseph Conrad, Dorothy Richardson, Graham Greene, E.M. Forster, and Doris Lessing; the poets W.B. Yeats, T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, Seamus Heaney, Wilfred Owens, Dylan Thomas, and Robert Graves; and the dramatists Tom Stoppard, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, Frank McGuinness, Harold Pinter, and Caryl Churchill. New Criticism also appeared at this time, led by the likes of Woolf, Eliot, William Empson, and others, which reinvigorated literary criticism in general. It is difficult to say whether modernism has ended, though we know that postmodernism has developed after and from it; for now, the genre remains ongoing. The Postmodern Period (1945–?) The postmodern period begins about the time that World War II ended. Many believe it is a direct response to modernism. Some say the period ended about 1990, but it is likely too soon to declare this period closed.  Poststructuralist literary theory and criticism developed during this time. Some notable writers of the period include Samuel Beckett, Joseph Heller, Anthony Burgess, John Fowles, Penelope M. Lively, and Iain Banks. Many postmodern authors wrote during the modern period as well.

What are the anatomical and behavioral differences between Broca's and Essay

What are the anatomical and behavioral differences between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia - Essay Example Aphasia is the â€Å"loss of or impairment of the power to use or comprehend words usually resulting from damage to the brain† as defined in the Webster Dictionary (Broca aphasia, University of Idaho). The portions of the brain responsible for language are affected and for the majority of people, this is on the left side or hemisphere of the brain. Anyone can have aphasia and it could occur due to an accident (trauma) causing a head injury, a stroke, a tumor, infection or dementia (Aphasia, NIDCD). When resulting from a head injury or a stroke, the occurrence is of sudden onset. The tumor, dementia or infection produces slower-onset aphasia. The reason for the damage to the brain in a stroke is due to loss of blood supply to the relevant brain area. 80000 people are believed to have aphasia due to strokes in the US (Aphasia, NIDCD). The brain cells die and lose their normal neural activity. Trauma causes direct damage of the cells which subserve the area for language. Whatever the cause, the brain cells lose their nutrition and die subsequently. Statistics show that one million people have aphasia due to various causes in the US (Aphasia, NIDCD). Aphasia is classified into fluent and non-fluent aphasia (Aphasia, NIDCD). The neurologist tests the patient to discover the type of aphasia he has. The communication abilities are investigated by the speech-language pathologist: the ability of the patient to speak and express ideas, whether he is able to converse socially and understand language, his ability to read and write and whether he is able to communicate in any other way. Language recovery is possible if the cause of the stroke is a transient ischaemic attack (Aphasia, NIDCD). However most cases of aphasia do not recover early or completely. The residual aphasia requires speech language therapy which could last for a year or two. Broca’s aphasia is also known as motor aphasia or expressive

Move for Opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Move for Opportunity - Essay Example The author also talks about the issues that the move for opportunity tends to create and how the moves can create not only physical stress but also a strong element of emotional distress as well. The author has not only focused on the affects of the relocation on the person but has moved a step ahead to also consider the effects of the relocation on the families. The needs of the families and how the attractive relocation packages can seem to be very beneficial yet not be as useful as to be able to provide the families with the best and the life that they need to give up for the package. There has also been noted by experts that these opportunities have proven to be very beneficial for the country as well. At the John Holland Group, HR [Human Resources] manager Darren Nelson agrees. ‘It’s these opportunities that have built both this country and people’s careers.’ He points to Karratha, WA, as the well-publicised focal point for opportunities created by skills shortages and a resources boom. ‘I know people moving here from the east who will have a 110 per cent salary increase.’ The article presented by Fran Cusworth is a very effective article to help people think about the options of relocating their job for the purpose of newer opportunities. This section will deal with an analysis of the article. The article will be analyzed under six main heading. This is as in the sub section below: i) Overall Effectiveness: The author has discussed the article in a advisory fashion to bring up a strong light on the issues as well as benefits of relocation packages that are provided by the recruiters and the relocation specialists. The intended audiences are the individuals due to have relocation and also families of these people. The overall article is straight forward with a very strong tone that has been used. The author has brought about a number of details like the affects of a failed move and how much it could affect the individuals

Marketing Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Strategy - Research Paper Example It takes less time to prepare ice cream this way. Therefore many customers can be served fresh ice-cream as soon as they order it. This also gives the customer confidence that they get a freshly made product in just a matter of seconds (Barry 23). Kids will also love the experience of watching their ice cream freeze in front of their eyes. Liquid nitrogen is safe in gaseous form and is not harmful in any way even if it gets in contact with the customer during preparation of their ice cream (Robin 31). My primary target is the millions or even billions of ice cream lovers not only in the nation but globally. With such an innovative idea, I am hopeful that it can expand worldwide and that the ice cream experience can be changed globally (Barry 29). I would like to think that most of my target customers would be children but ice ream lovers are not biased by any factor such as age. Hence for the teenagers and adults, they apply to my target group for frozen ice cream (Robin 36). My key competitors are ice cream makers that are in existence particularly the large manufacturing companies that are in existence today. My product is advantageous with the fact that it is creamier and has less of preservatives. However, I lack the advantage of capital to roll out my idea (Stuart 35). This is especially so when I consider the fact that I do not have a retail store to roll out the business. Also I do not have enough cash to advertise. My competitors also have a well established brand name such that I become a tiny threat to their market share (Stuart 41). Compared to my competitors too, I face the challenge of sales and marketing. This requires capital, time and resources and as of now, I have neither the time, capital nor resources to carry out huge campaigns on my product. Even though I am a small threat to the big competitors, I have the

Play and Learning in Childrens Education

Play and Learning in Childrens Education Introduction Learning to play is necessary for a childs academic and emotional progress. Play can assist a child work out conditions in their surroundings, such as social activities in a group. Additionally, board games help to teach reading, rules, counting and other learning related skills. Block Building, Clay and other creative Hands on activities assists a child see how Things work. Several engineers started their Careers by playing with blocks. Task-1 1.1 Describe the development over time of theoretical approaches to play and learning Bandura take a very unusual approach to developmental psychology and confirmed that children learn progress from role models. Banduras approach is an expansion of behavioral theories which highlight the way we learn behavior from others, our surroundings, and experiences and so on and copy role models. They learn from brothers, sisters, sibling and friends. Banduras social learning theory personalized traditional learning theory which was stand on stimulus-response affairs. It believed learning to be no unusual among children, infants, adults, or yet animals. Banduras approach is leading in the cure of problem activities and disorders. Mary Ashworth developed the Attachment theory from Bowl by but she identified it ‘Strange situation. To learn theory researchers observed kids for 12-18 months and they observed to see how they responded when they were left alone and then reunited with their mothers. The attachment theory notifies us that a young child requires at least one affiliation with a primary care. This will assist the childs expressive and social development to raise and this happens over time. 1.2 Evaluate different philosophical approaches to play and learning Evaluation is a procedure used by before time childhood services to discover out about the quality of the program, the surroundings, the learning connections, and the results for children and families. Self-review is a figure of inner evaluation in which the service looks personally at itself and what it does, and applies what it finds out to place goals to develop quality. ERO provides outer evaluation of the superiority of services. Education evaluates are carried out frequently in all certified services. Reports verify what is going fine and make proposals for development. The most recent ERO report should be obtainable from the service, or can be examine on ERO’s website. 1.3 Discuss links between current influences on play and learning and the planning and provision of learning opportunities 1. Every child issue influences planning provision of learning opportunities The National Curriculum is the initial point for planning a school program that meets the definite needs of individuals and sets of pupils. This statutory enclosure statement on providing successful learning opportunities for all students outlines how teachers can transform, as needed, the National Curriculum programs of study to provide all students with relevant and properly challenging work at each enter stage. †¢Child care act 2006 controls planning and provision of learning opportunities This act states that untimely year’s providers have a task to execute the EYFS. Child care do this by gathering the learning and development necessities when doing their weekly scheduling and also conform with the welfare necessities. Child care act does this to make sure that it is very essential to follow rules and regulations to make sure that the children are at the right periods of development in life. †¢SEN code of practice 2002 influences planning and provision of learning opportunities Areas covered consist of the definition of particular educational requirements, parental liability and working affiliation with parents. The code moreover looks at: concerning pupils in evaluation and decision-making; stipulation in the early years; primary and secondary education; legal assessment of children under unavoidable school age; and the role of the unique educational requirements coordinator. Special educational needs: code of practice The SEN code does this to make sure that disability children do not neglect out on enter learning development and also to ensure that they do not feel gone out or frightened. †¢Equality act 2010 controls planning and provision of learning opportunities This act ensures that no one gets treated another way to anybody else this assists planning and provision because it ensures that staff have to ensure that when they plan a action or a lesson plan it is got to be able to engage everyone and ensure that it suits all person needs. 2. Inspectors found that where evaluation was underdeveloped; it tended to spotlight more on children’s benefit or their interests, rather than their education Self-evaluation and action planning was also often seen by childcare contributors as somewhat that had to be done for often rather than a way of improving result for children. Though, outcomes for children were no superior to acceptable in any of the contributors where self-evaluation was insufficient. Press release: A good start for the early years foundation stage, often ensure that it is seen to be significant to plan unusual types of learning prospects for the children as this assists to develop the children’s skillfulness in a variety of mode. 3. The curriculum structures like the EYFS control planning and provision of learning opportunities The term curriculum is applied to describe everything kids do, see, hear or feel in their setting, equally planned and unplanned. The Early Years Foundation Stage is the legal framework beside which providers of untimely education are moderated, and includes necessities for the provision of youthful children’s learning. Health Safety at work Act 1974 the Act imposes general duties on owners to secure the health, safety and wellbeing of people at work and protect others beside risks arising from the job activity. Task-2 2.1 Explain the use of observations to assess learning needs and consider how assessment based on observations can inform planning and respond to individual learning needs 2.2 Discuss how information from other agencies can contribute to the assessment of learning needs Children and families need support at assured times and there are many organizations and self help groups that can offer this support. Such as National association of toy and leisure libraries, National childbirth trust, Child poverty action group, Parent line plus, Home start, Gingerbread and contact a family etc. There are several different settings where children can be concerned for such as Holiday play schemes, Respite care, Schools, Parent and toddler groups, Workplace nurseries, Child minders, After school clubs, Pre-schools, Residential care, Day nurseries and crà ¨ches. Usually the major support group is inside the family group such as grandparents and aunties and uncles. There are four unusual types of sectors that grant care and education for children. They are, Statutory sector Voluntary sector Private sector. Independent A Statutory sector is a sector that has to be there by regulation, so local schools; dentist and hospitals are parts of this. Local schools have to be there by regulation and get some support by the Government. The age range that schools cover up is from five years to eleven years old; they follow a set schedule where reception faces the EYFS and then from year one to year six faces the countrywide curriculum. Schools are in simple access parts, where there is enough gaps for an outside play locale for example the playing field and inside space. A local school should also incorporate snacks; they should be strong snacks like vegetables and fruit. They should also incorporate toileting periods for the children. Statutory Schools are generally free excluding payment for school trips, school dinners, and some snacks. The aim of statutory sector school is to grant opportunities of education for all children and to support their education also making a harmless and secure environment for children to maintain them from harm. Another aim is to grant social opportunities for the kid this will incorporate learning to make friends, knowledge about socialize with people, learning the disparity between adults and kids and learning to value others. A Voluntary sector is a sector, which public volunteer to organize and run, so that Mother and toddler, Brownies and Preschool groups are a part of this. Mother and toddler groups are generally for kid’s age two to four years. The mother and toddler groups are generally opened from nine to eleven thirty in the morning or half one till three in the daylight. These kinds of organizations are generally placed in a church or society hall, which are not necessarily made for the use of children. The employees are generally parents themselves but the individual in charge of the organization should have a level three childcare qualification. The area in which the organization is located may not have an outside area for the kids to play out in, the organization should also follow the EYFS prospectus where kids will learn through play and the gap may also be often inspected. The major aim of a mother and toddler group is to grants short term care of little children to give a parent or care a little time to themselves and also to give little children motivation and also play and communal opportunities. Another major aim is to get children prepared for school or nursery. A Private sector is a sector where people disburse extra to try and get the finest of their childs learning or health and also their personal. They provide all breakfast, meals, dinner and tea with also snack; they moreover have sleep facilities, inside and outside play areas for kids to play in. The building may not be intentionally being built for the kids but will be adapted for the kids to grant their size facilities. All the members of employees will completely qualified, managers and room leaders must be at least level three or level two trained. They will also check the building and the employees to check if it is safe and also to ensure if they are subsequent EYSF curriculum. The aim of a private day kindergarten is to provide protected and secure environment for kids to keep them from injury for children in absence of parents or care and moreover to provide opportunities of learning for every child and to maintain their learning. Independent sectors are companies with more independence to organize their provision. Their services may not rely on Government funding and does not need to follow the EYFS or the National curriculum. Though the service may be OFSTED checked to ensure childrens welfare requirements are being met. Service of independent provision includes independent nurseries and schools. The multi-professional approach team is prepared up of a lot of unusual agencies; they are agencies including schools and teachers, hospitals and doctors, social workers, police and many supplementary. They all work jointly to help parents and kids to stop awful cases such as child abuse, death etc. Task-3 3.1 Explain how to plan curriculum activities which promote learning The E.Y.F emphasizes a personal and individual approach to learning; this is because all kids develop at their individual rate and learn in remarkable ways, come from unusual backgrounds whether communal or religious and therefore have unusual needs and interests. Sensitively children come in unusual packages, some children may seem self-sufficient and confident and Practitioner may be misled into judging that they do not need as a lot attention as the kids who express their sentiments regularly and through for Practitioner attention on a normal basis. This hypothesis would be wrong all children should be giving Practitioner individual attention, how else can Practitioner plan properly for their needs and welfares. The E.Y.F was introduced to include child-minders, pre-schools, after school societies and nurseries to deliver a program that includes personal, social and expressive development, expressive arts and design, physical expansion, literacy, communications and languages, math ematics and at last understanding of the world. The entire areas of learning are included into the exceptional child, affirmative relationships, facilitating environments and learning and development. Practitioner have also included the Welfare Requirements these are worldwide and all setting must meet up often guidelines in learning and caring for children. Scotland and Wales follow related guidelines but with their individual structure to incorporate cultural and learning theories believed to signify their individual countries interests and needs. The E.Y.F wants people as practitioner to perceive each child as exceptional. To do this Practitioner need to observe each kid and make observations so that Practitioner can see a sample of the child’s happiness and how they are rising to see if they are within their age and phase of development and if essential how to plan suitably to be able to see where they are contained by the developmental procedure. There are three sorts of planning: long Term, medium Term and short Term. 3.2 Assess the effectiveness of different approaches to planning learning opportunities 3.3 Consider methods of involving parents and other professionals in reviewing assessments and plans Multi professional approach permits professionals share understanding about a family requirements so that the parents do not have to ask the similar questions over and once more. The professionals are conscious of each other’s roles in sustaining the family so that incompatible advice can be minimized. It is necessary that each agency converses well and understands not only their role and tasks but the others agencies also. A multi-professional or multi-disciplinary team covers many aspects of team work and includes: Empathy seeing somewhat from another person’s point of vision Interpersonal expertise how to converse and respond to others, interface with parents, colleagues and children Reflectivity how reflective has it been, development activities, developments etc Interest focusing training, evaluate articles, maintain curiosity in the job etc Flexibility and frankness new thoughts and initiatives, latest government legislation, the modes children learn. Trustworthiness being added on at all times. Emotional solidity Not becoming too involved and sentiments clouding judgment. Communication is extremely important implement for practitioners and multi agency groups and it is imperative that they converse well. These includes, Notice boards Diary boards Letters Emails Phone calls Team meetings Written communication and a brief record of reports or meetings are also necessary. The practitioner ought to also assess their own learning and act. This can be done throughout ‘Professional progress and planning with the line manager and others practitioners. For illustration: Share cases of practitioner’s practice Get initiatives of other practices Visit other performances and observe, converse Ensure practitioners keep up to date with recent practices Reading articles in magazines, books, training etc Internal or external guidance Supplementary qualifications etc Observe children or observe other practitioners Planning child’s next steps Attempt new things Task-4 4.1 Analysis the key issues in ensuring that assessments are objective and valid The professionals are conscious of each other’s tasks in sustaining the family so that contradictory advice can be minimize. It is important that each agency corresponded well and realizes not only their role and everyday jobs but the others agencies too. Parents or guardians are the most essential people in a kid’s life, and recognize the value of this. Practitioner has a conscientious role that involves sharing concern of the child with parents or guardians; listen to parents or guardians, as they are the ‘specialist’ on their child. Partnerships with new agencies help children. For example, speech and language analysts for children with language and hearing complexities. This could include sign language or English as a succeeding language. Bereavement management play counselor, educational psychologist to evaluate behavioral needs and get about positive behavior in a kid. Sensory injury such as limited vision, hearing disorder or speech problems. This is to make sure that all the needs of the individuals or children are assembled and they grow to their complete potential. These partnerships do have a significant role to play in making sure that childrens skills and learning are exploited. The multi-professional approach team is completed up of a lot of dissimilar agencies; they are agencies counting hospitals and doctors, schools and teachers, police, social workers and many extra. They all work jointly to assist parents and children to prevent tragic cases such as loss, child violence etc. 4.2 Reflect on the role of the practitioner in meeting children’s learning needs An Early Years Practitioner would be to help with the improvement and care of children and he or she may be responsible for organizing a room and ensuring that policies and actions are being followed and documented. Practitioner would have to provide for their needs as little kids; developmentally, socially and physically. This would be ensuring that Practitioner is promoting and keeping healthy surroundings for all kids. It is also essential that Practitioner gain knowledge by experiencing and educating from the experiences of others. Practitioner would have to enables kids to reach their complete potential and to work inside the Children Act and home guidelines, legislation and values and ensure that Child Safety policies and processes are adhered to at all periods. Practitioner would have to arrangement and prepare stimulating play opportunities that meet up the childrens developmental requirements and stimulates their knowledge. Practitioner would also have to create and maintain affirmative relationships with the kids and their families in a mode that values parental attachment and to provide a service that greetings child’s life occurrences and celebrates variety in terms of culture, language, skill, race and religion. Practitioner would also involve in supervision and personnel development procedures in support of individual development and to start training as proper to meet any changes in principles or proper legal necessities as required. Conclusion Reflective practice is an essential aspect of functioning with young kids which grants practitioners with the verification to form judgments about their role and contribution into the education cycle. Experience is the most essential issue and to recognize that as a latest ‘trainee or latest ‘nursery nurse, Practitioner dont know everything. That Practitioner learn by experiencing and educating from the practices of others.

The Brave New World Essay -- Literary Analysis

Literature – as any bookworm will say – is not simply the art of writing. Literature is the Rembrandt of storytelling, the Einstein of language and the Clint Eastwood of action. Literature is not simply a story: literature is a great story. One of the most potent traits of great literature is applicability to the life of the reader. This quality is what sets Brave New World ¬ by Aldus Huxley apart from many others: applicability to human society – in the past, the present and the future. A great writer may write the perfect story, exhibiting pristine grammar, vocabulary and writing mechanics, however that story may not be literature. The title â€Å"literature† is awarded only to a select few stories, one of which is Brave New World by Aldus Huxley. The ingenious omniscient, neutral narrator allows the reader a view from each character’s perspective. Huxley’s ingenious command of the English language and futuristic insight make Brave New World a true piece of literature. In Brave New World ¬ Huxley uses the dystopic society to show many dysfunctions and hypocrisies present within every era from the 1930’s to the present. The use of genetic engineering, the social class system and the religious system in Brave New World ¬ reflect many issues in today’s society – eighty years after Brave New World was first published. Huxley’s predictions about the future, and how modern society can learn from Huxley’s eighty-year-old visions in the novel Brave New World by Aldus Huxley is a contributing factor why Brave New World is a masterpiece of literature. In recent years man’s knowledge of the biological processes of life has grown at a staggering rate. In 1856 an Austrain monk and scientist, Gregor Mendel, became enthralled with the new study... ...n distress she always has Soma to turn to. From an external perspective Lenina appears to have little control of the world around her, due to her addiction to Soma. The great question posed by Aldus Huxley is this: who is closer to self-actualization, John the Savage or Lenina Crowne? Works Cited American Public Media. Public Radio Works. APM, 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. "Deciphering the Code." Microbiology Procedure. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. "History of GMOS." American RadioWorks from American Public Media. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. Huxley, Aldus. Brave New World. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Print â€Å"Ian Pavlov.† Pbs.org. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. Lautenheiser, Mindy. Ian Pavlov. Muskingham University, 1999. Web. 25 Apr. 2012 Parent, Richard. â€Å"Genetic Engineering.† Milford High School. Milford, New Hampshire. 1 Nov. 2011. Lecture.

Gender Differences in Depression Essay

Abstract From early adolescence through adulthood, women are twice as likely as men to experience depression. Many different explanations for this gender difference in depression have been offered, but none seems to fully explain it. Recent research has focused on gender differences in stress responses, and in exposure to certain stressors. I review this research and describe how gender differences in stress experiences and stress reactivity may interact to create women’s greater vulnerability to depression. Keywords gender; depression; stress Across many nations, cultures, and ethnicities, women are about twice as likely as men to develop depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Weissman et al., 1996). This is true whether depression is indexed as a diagnosed mental disorder or as subclinical symptoms. Diagnosable depressive disorders are extraordinarily common in women, who have a lifetime prevalence for major depressive disorder of 21.3%, compared with 12.7% in men (Kessler, McGonagle, Swartz, Blazer, & Nelson, 1993). Most explanations for the gender difference in depression have focused on individual variables, and studies have attempted to show that one variable is better than another in explaining the difference. In three decades of research, however, no one variable has single-handedly accounted for the gender difference in depression. In recent years, investigators have moved toward more integrated models, taking a transactional, developmental approach. Transactional models are appropriate because it is clear that depression impairs social and occupational functioning, and thus can have a major impact on an individual’s environment. Developmental models are appropriate because age groups differ markedly in the gender difference in depression. Girls are no more likely than boys to evidence depression in childhood, but by about age 13, girls’ rates of depression begin to increase sharply, whereas boys’ rates of depression remain low, and may even decrease. By late adolescence, girls are twice as likely as boys to be depressed, and this gender ratio remains more or less the same throughout adulthood. The absolute rates of depression in women and men vary substantially across the life span, however. In this review, I focus on two themes in recent research. First, because women have less power and status than men in most societies, they experience certain traumas, particularly sexual abuse, more often than men. They also experience more chronic strains, such as poverty, harassment, lack of respect, and constrained choices. Second, even when women and men experience the same stressors, women may be more likely than men to develop depression because of gender differences in biological responses to stressors, self-concepts, or coping styles. Frequent stressful experiences and reactivity to stress are likely to have reciprocal effects on each other. Stressful experiences can sensitize both biological and psychological systems to future stress, making it more likely that individuals will react with depression. In turn, reactivity to stress is associated with impaired problem solving, an d, as a result, with the accumulation or generation of new stressors, which may contribute to more depression. STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS Women’s lack of social power makes them more vulnerable than men to specific major traumas, particularly sexual abuse. Traumas may contribute directly to depression, by making women feel they are helpless to control their lives, and may also contribute indirectly, by increasing women’s reactivity to stress. Women’s social roles also carry a number of chronic strains that might contribute directly or indirectly to depression. Major changes in the frequency of traumatic events and in social roles coincide with the emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence, and may help to explain this emergence. Victimization Women are the victims of sexual assault—defined as being pressured or forced into unwanted sexual contact—at least twice as often as men, and people with a history of sexual assault have increased rates of depression (see Weiss, Longhurst, & Mazure, 1999). Sexual assault during childhood has been more consistently linked with the gender difference in depression than sexual assault that first occurs during adulthood. Estimates of the prevalence of childhood sexual assault range widely. Cutler and I reviewed the most methodologically 174 sound studies including both male and female participants and found rates of childhood sexual assault between 7 and 19% for females and between 3 and 7% for males (Cutler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). We estimated that, in turn, as much as 35% of the gender difference in adult depression could be accounted for by the higher incidence of assault of girls relative to boys. A few studies have examined whether depression might be an antecedent rather than a consequence of sexual assault. Depression does appear to increase risk for sexual assault in women and men, but sexual assault significantly increases risk for first or new onsets of depression. Childhood sexual assault may increase risk for depression throughout the life span because abuse experiences negatively alter biological and psychological responses to stress (Weiss et al., 1999). Children and adolescents who have been abused, particularly those who have been repeatedly abused over an extended period of time, tend to have poorly regulated biological response to stress. Abuse experiences can also negatively alter children’s and adolescents’ perspectives on themselves and others, contributing to their vulnerability to depression (Zahn-Waxler, 2000). do nearly all the child care and domestic work of the home. In addition, women are increasingly â€Å"sandwiched† between carin g for young children and caring for sick and elderly family members. This role overload is said to contribute to a sense of â€Å"burn out† and general distress, including depressive symptoms, in women. In the context of heterosexual relationships, some women face inequities in the distribution of power over important decisions that must be made, such as the decision to move to a new city, or the decision to buy an expensive item such as a car (Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999). Even when they voice their opinions, women may feel these opinions are not taken seriously, or that their viewpoints on important issues are not respected and affirmed by their partners. My colleagues and I measured chronic strain by grouping inequities in workload and heterosexual relationships into a single variable, and found that this variable predicted increases in depression over time, and partially accounted for the gender difference in depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999). Depression also contributed to increased chronic strain over time, probably bec ause it was associated with reductions in perceptions of control and effective problem solving. Girls also feel that if they pursue male-stereotyped activities and preferences, such as interests in math and science or in competitive sports, they are rejected by their peers. For many girls, especially white girls, popularity and social acceptance become narrowly oriented around appearance. This narrowing of acceptable behavior for girls in early adolescence may contribute to the increase in depression in girls at this time, although this popular theory has been the focus of remarkably little empirical research (NolenHoeksema & Girgus, 1994). There is substantial evidence that excessive concern about appearance is negatively associated with wellbeing in girls, but these findings may apply primarily to white girls. In addition, very little research has examined whether appearance concerns and gender roles are risk factors for depression or only correlates. REACTIVITY TO STRESS Even when women and men are confronted with similar stressors, women may be more vulnerable than men to developing depression and related anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, Peterson, & Schultz, 1997). Women’s greater reactivity compared with men’s has been attributed to gender differences in biological responses, self-concepts, and coping styles. Biological Responses to Stress For many years, the biological explanations for women’s greater vulnerability to depression focused on the direct effects of the ovarian hormones (especially estrogen and progesterone) on women’s moods. This literature is too large and com- Chronic Strains Women face a number of chronic burdens in everyday life as a result of their social status and roles relative to men, and these strains could contribute to their higher rates of depression (see Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990). Women make less money than men, and are much more likely than men to live in poverty. Women are more likely than men to be sexually harassed on the job. Women often have full-time paid jobs and also Gender Intensification in Adolescence Social pressure to conform to gender roles is thought to increase dramatically as children move through puberty. For girls, this may mean a reduction in their opportunities and choices, either real or perceived. According to adolescents’ own reports, parents restrict girls’ more than boys’ behaviors and have lower expectations for girls’ than for boys’ competencies plicated to review here (but see Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990, 1995). Simply put, despite widespread popular belief that women are more prone to depression than men because of direct negative effects of estrogen or progesterone on mood, there is little consistent scientific evidence to support this belief. Although some women do become depressed during periods of hormonal change, including puberty, the premenstrual period of the menstrual cycle, menopause, and the postpartum period, it is unclear that these depressions are due to the direct effects of hormonal changes on mood, or that depressions during these periods of women’s lives account for the gender differences in rates of depression. More recent biological research has focused not on direct effects of ovarian hormones on moods, but on the moderating effects of hormones, particularly adrenal hormones, on responses to stress. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a major role in regulating stress responses, in part by regulating levels of a number of hormones, including cortisol, which is released by the adrenal glands in response to chemicals secreted by the brain’s hypothalamus and then the pituitary. In turn, cortisol levels can affect other biochemicals known to influence moods. People with major depressive disorder often show elevated cortisol responses to stress, indicating dysregulation of the HPA response. An intriguing hypothesis is that women are more likely than men to have a dysregulated HPA response to stress, which makes them more likely to develop depression in response to stress (Weiss et al., 1999). Women may be more likely to have a dysregulated HPA response because they are more likely to have suffered traumatic events, which are known to contribute to HPA dysregulation. In addition, ovarian hormones modulate regulation of the HPA axis (Young & Korszun, 1999). Some women may have depressions during periods of rapid change in levels of ovarian hormones (the postpartum period, premenstrual period, menopause, and puberty) because hormonal changes trigger dysregulation of the stress response, making these women more vulnerable to depression, particularly when they are confronted with stress. The causal relationship between HPA axis regulation and the gender difference in depression has not been established but is likely to be a major focus of future research. Subordinate their own needs and desires completely to those of others, they become excessively dependent on the good graces of others (Cyranowski, Frank, Young, & Shear, 2000). They may then be at high risk for depression when conflicts arise in relationships, or relationships end. Several recent studies have shown that girls and women are more likely than boys and men to develop depression in response to interpersonal stressors. Because depression can also interfere with interpersonal functioning, an important topic for future research is whether the gender difference in depression is a consequence or cause of gender differences in interpersonal strain. Coping Styles By adolescence, girls appear to be more likely than boys to respond to stress and distress with rumination—focusing inward on feelings of distress and personal concerns rather than taking action to relieve their distress. This gender difference in rumination then is maintained throughout adulthood. Several longitudinal and experimental studies have shown that people who ruminate in response to stress are at increased risk to develop depressive symptoms and depressive disorders over time (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999). In turn, the gender difference in rumination at least partially accounts for the gender difference in depression. Rumination may not only contribute directly to depression, but may also contribute indirectly by impairing problem solving, and thus preventing women from taking action to overcome the stressors they face. Self-Concept Although the idea that girls have more negative self-concepts than boys is a mainstay of the pop-psychology literature, empirical studies testing this hypothesis have produced mixed results (Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994). Several studies have found no gender differences in self-esteem, self-concept, or dysfunctional attitudes. Those studies that do find gender differences, however, tend to show that girls have poorer self-concepts than boys. Again, negative self-concepts could contribute directly to depression, and could interact with stressors to contribute to depression. Negative self-concept has been shown to predict increases in depression in some studies of children (Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994). One consistent difference in males’ and females’ self-concepts concerns interpersonal orientation, the tendency to be concerned with the status of one’s relationships and the opinions others hold of oneself. Even in childhood, girls appear more interpersonally oriented than boys, and this gender difference increases in adolescence (Zahn-Waxler, 2000). AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL Women suffer certain stressors more often than men and may be 176 more vulnerable to develop depression in response to stress because of a number of factors. Both stress experiences and stress reactivity contribute directly to women’s greater rates of depression compared with men. Stress experiences and stress reactivity also feed on each other, however. The more stress women suffer, the more hyperresponsive they may be to stress, both biologically and psychologically. This hyperresponsiveness may undermine women’s ability to control their environments and overcome their stress, leading to even more stress in the future. In addition, depression contributes directly to more stressful experiences, by interfering with occupational and social functioning, and to vulnerability to stress, by inciting rumination, robbing the individual of any sense of mastery she did have, and possibly sensitizing the biological systems involved in the stress response. Important advances will be made in explaining the gender difference in depression as we understand better the reciprocal effects of biological, social, and psychological systems on each other. Key developmental transitions, particularly the early adolescent years, are natural laboratories for observing the establishment of these processes, because so much changes during these transitions, and these transitions are times of increased risk. Additional questions for future research include how culture and ethnicity affect the gender difference in depression. The gender difference is found across most cultures and ethnicities, but its size varies considerably, as do the absolute percentages of depressed women and men. The processes contributing to the gender difference in depression may also vary across cultures and ethnicities. Understanding the gender difference in depression is important for at least two reasons. First, women’s high rates of depression exact tremendous costs in quality of life and productivity, for women themselves and their families. Second, understanding the gender difference in depression will help us to understand the causes of depression in general. In this way, gender provides a valuable lens through which to examine basic human processes in psychopathology. Recommended Reading Cyranowski, J.M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, K. (2000). (See References) Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). (See References) Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J.S. (1994). (See References) Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). (See References) Young, E., & Korszun, A. (1999). (See References) References Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Andreski, P., Peterson, E.L., & Schultz, L. (1997). Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1044–1048. Cutler, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Accounting for sex differences in depression through female victimization: Childhood sexual abuse. Sex Roles, 24, 425–438. Cyranowski, J.M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 21–27. Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D.G., & Nelson, C.B. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 85–96. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Gender differences in coping with depression across the lifespan. Depression, 3, 81– 90. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J.S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061–1072. Weiss, E.L., Longhurst, J.G., & Mazure, C.M. (1999). Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: Psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 816–828. Weissman, M.M., Bland, R.C., Canino, G.J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H.-G., Joyce, P.R., Karam, E.G., Lee, C.-K., Lellouch, J., Lepine, J.P., Newman, S.C., Rubio-Stipc, M., Wells, E., Wickramaratne, P.J., Wittchen, H.-U., & Yeh, E.K. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 293–299. Young, E., & Korszun, A. (1999). Women, stress, and depression: Se x differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. In E. Leibenluft (Ed.), Gender differences in mood and anxiety disorders: From bench to bedside (pp. 31–52). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). The development of empathy, guilt, and internalization of distress: Implications for gender differences in internalizing and externalizing problems. In R. Davidson (Ed.), Wisconsin Symposium on Emotion: Vol. 1. Anxiety, depression, and emotion (pp. 222–265). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

The Silence of Cellphone essays

The Silence of Cellphone essays During the recent decade our society underwent many different changes. It became more advanced in different types of fields. The cellular telephone is now engrained in our everyday lives as useful and convenient tool. However, society debates whether the use of the cellphones should be controlled and should cellphone silencers be used. The answer is no. Cellphone silencers should not be legalized by the federal government because their use will cause denial of rights of freedom, unnecessary expenses as well as unanswered emergency calls. But what is a cellular phone silencer? It is a device, also known as "Radio jamming device", that sends out an electronic signal to disable a phone from ringing. The jammers are illegal in Canada, except for use by law-enforcement and public-safety officials, but might be popular for operators of restaurants, theatres and other large public-gathering places. However, widespread marketing of this technology will be dangerous and an infringement on citizen's needs and abilities to communicate in sometimes very critical situations. Cellphones have become vital tools in today's world and blocking them in public places will result in a gross violation of personal freedom. Their use has become such an important part of urban citizens' daily lives that it will have a huge impact on the society if cellphones are banned from public places where they are not threatening the well being of others. Our Charter of Rights and Freedoms states that we have the right to freedom of expression wherever we please. By legalizing silencers, we are limiting this right of freedom to choose and communicate. The cellphone allows people to have some degree of independence to leave home and still be assured to receive "the call". However, it should not be used as a tool to control and limit the freedom and right of Canadians. In other words, the implantation of silencers will, in ...

Race in a Southern Community

Race in a Southern Community North Little Rock is ranked number six in the population density among all the cities in Arkansas. This city was founded as Argenta in 1866, but it was incorporated in 1901 under the name North Little Rock. The population of this city in the 2000 census was approximately 60,500 people inclusive of about 25,000 households and 16,000 families. This community is made up of people from different cultural backgrounds though the whites’ population is the majority at around 63%, followed by the blacks at around 34%.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Race in a Southern Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other ethnic communities in this city include Native Americans at around 0.4%, 0.6% being Asians and 0.03% being the pacific Islanders. 1.18% of this community is made up of the other races which include minority races such as the Hispanic and Latino (Pitts, 2002). The government of this city is head ed by a mayor together with eight other aldermen serving to a maximum of four years period. In many discussions on racism, the most famous races are usually the whites and blacks. The main difference between these two races is their skin color though their cultures also differ a great deal. Blacks for example are known to be rowdy though this is more of a stereotype than a fact. Other elements that bring about differences between whites and blacks are their entertainment industries. Music done and listened to by blacks is generally hip-hop which contrasts with the soft classical music preferred by the whites. Their preference in terms of movies also differs a lot with the whites preferring the romantic movies while the blacks are mostly inclined to thrillers and action movies. The existence of these two ethnic communities in the same region has always been a problem especially where the whites are dominant. They are known to discriminate against the blacks asserting that they are cr iminals and they typically work towards eliminating them in their neighborhoods. This has however never worked particularly after bills against blacks’ discrimination were passed in parliament, and this tendency was now being treated an offense against the law chargeable in court. Just like in any other region in America in the 1950’s the Arkansas state, was thoroughly dominated by cases of racial discrimination against the black community. They were being referred to as the colored people who were never allowed access to most of the social amenities including the learning institutions. A movement was formed dubbed National Association for the Advancement of Colored people and the main aim of this movement was to attempt to terminate the discrimination especially in the learning institutions (Egelman, 2002).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It w as believed that the black people would always remain servants if they were never given the opportunity to obtain higher education and become professionals. The court however, came up with a conclusion that there was nothing wrong with there being independent schools as long as they were equal. This movement however, did not agree with the ruling stating that blacks, and whites schools had never been equal, and they would never be. The information provided by the movement to the court was proof enough that these schools were not equal and therefore, the previous judgment was overruled, and the separate schools policy was declared unconstitutional. The state of Arkansas was one of the states that refused to abide by the new rulings of abolishing the independent schools policy. A good example of this is that of a student who had been admitted to a previously white’s only school and ended up facing unbearable humiliation on the first day. She had enrolled at the Little Rock Cent ral High School, and when she went on the reporting date, she happened to be the only black on site. On her arrival, the people who were at the entrance moved away as she approached and they began shouting insults at her. There were guards on site whom she thought would protect her in case the crowd turned violent but she was wrong about that. She was forced to leave the school neighborhood for her safety as she realized the extent of racial discrimination in this community was way beyond what she had thought. This is just an example of the severity of racial discrimination in North Little Rock city. The municipality leaders made up of the mayor and the aldermen are also highly affected by racial discrimination issues. A good example of this is whereby the governor once hired guards to prevent blacks from accessing a school’s premises. The fact that there are different joints in town for whites and the colored is enough indication that the leaders are in the front line in pro moting racial discrimination. There are shops for whites and for blacks and as expected those for the whites have an advantage over the blacks. When it comes to the payment of government dues such as taxes, complains have been raised that blacks are charged more than the whites especially in investments (Pitts, 2002). When it comes to the elections, the whites stand a better chance of winning owing to their great numbers and so the black contestants have never gotten the chance to acquire positions in the government. This explains why the battles against black discrimination are always lost.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Race in a Southern Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The whites however are usually treated in a different way. They are given all the privileges denied to the blacks including well- kept facilities and more investment opportunities. They freely attend the best schools in the cit y and as a result end up taking up the best professional jobs. This is owed to the fact that the leaders of the city are largely whites. The joints allowed for the whites in the city are more in number compared to those allowed to the blacks. These facilities are also well kept and stocked in a way that the whites are able to access whatever services and products at their own convenience. Their stores for example are located in the largest malls in the city while those for the blacks are located in the outskirts of the city. The products are also sold at lower prices in the most of the white’s stores and this discrimination issue is blamed on the local government because they are never take any action against this despite the fact that they are in a position to do so. The texts used in the study of race and ethnicity mostly address the blacks’ discrimination owing to the fact that this has been the most recognized category of people who have suffered this ordeal. An ex ample of such texts is the Racial and ethnic groups by Richard T. Schaefer. This book presents the different races in the city of North Little Rock which includes the whites as the dominating population followed closely by the African Americans. Others include Native Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and other races in the world. The text however concentrates more on the blacks/whites relationships in relation to racial discrimination (Schaefer, 2006). It brings out the challenges brought about by racial discrimination in the local government, the service groups, and clubs as well as in schools. According to the text, this problem has been persistent for a long time and this has resulted in an almost permanent hatred between the whites and the blacks communities. Most of the texts and manuals that are published however contain little information on the blacks and the challenges they face as a result of racial discrimination. This is mainly due to the fact that such information always ra ises eye brows especially in the international community. To prevent this therefore, the local government of North Little Rock city prevents much publication of the levels of discrimination in the city. Some black writers have however tried to publicize this whole issue and one of such successful attempts was by Daisy Bates who was at that time the president of NAACP in Arkansas. She wrote a book titled The Long Shadow of Little Rock and this was aimed at bringing up the issue of how the blacks suffered under the segregation policies. This book showed how the students were treated in the schools and the leader’s utterances concerning this problem. One of the local government leaders was heard saying â€Å"blood will run in the streets if Negro pupils continue with their attempts to enter central high school† (Schaefer, 2006). The leaders attempted to stop the publication of such books but since they are constitutionally permitted, they writer was protected by the const itution.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The local media in the North Little Rock city have also been affected by racial issues a great deal. The media is biased in producing its reports in the sense that the black community is only mentioned in relation to crimes and other bad things in the city such as drug trafficking and other forms of hooliganism. The whites on the other hand are mostly displayed as being the victims of crimes committed by the blacks. This therefore brings about the idea that blacks are the bad people in the society and they fall victims to police harassment. Young people walking on the streets in the evening are most likely to be arrested if they are blacks with the assumption that they are about to commit some sort of crimes. This is owe to the portrait had been painted by media concerning the black youths. As a result of this harassment, these people automatically turn into criminals alleging that they had better be harassed for what they have done rather than suffer innocently. At the end of the d ay, they believe they have nothing much to lose compared to what they have already been stripped of, that is their dignity. In most parts of the United States, the leadership positions are dominated by the whites and so racial discrimination against the blacks seems inevitable. These people are usually mean to the point of preventing the other races from developing and obtaining relevant positions in the leadership circle. This is why despite the many years of campaigning, racial discrimination still remains a big problem. Rules are passed and implemented in writing but when it comes to practicing, things are different. People are not in a position to incorporate non -discriminatory policies because they even do not know how to handle them. The blacks for example are used to being discriminated against such that they do not believe whites can treat them well without any ulterior motives. The result of this therefore is that both parties are not able to embrace a non- discriminatory society even when it is created. It therefore proves difficult to fully represent the interests of the minority groups because of the whites’ supremacy. From the text, it is notable that the main concept in relation to race is that of discrimination. In most cases, the term race is usually followed closely by discrimination and this is an indication that different races in the United States have never been able to coexist without there being some sort of discrimination, whether direct or indirect. This is therefore considered as an issue that will never be fully settled though the government is trying its best to reduce the magnitude of the same. In the study of racial discrimination, the relationship between the whites and blacks features most of the discussions owing to the fact that these people have been in a constant conflict since the days of the slave trade to date. This explains why these two ethnic communities have always been important in the study of racial discrim ination. Reference List Egelman, W. (2002). Understanding racial and ethnic groups: Critical thinking and analysis. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Pitts, P. (2002). Anti-Racism Leadership: The strategic response to Neo-Racism. Little Rock Nine Remembered, 10(3), 23-28. Schaefer, R. T. (2006). Racial and ethnic groups. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.

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Target Market and Competitive Analysis - Research Paper Example The majority of clients, approximately 60 percent, will consist of those with strong family values, with respect for traditionalism in politics and socialization, with a recognized propensity for brand loyalty. Under the VALS 2 psychographic model, the largest target market will be the Believers, those who are conservative and conventional individuals valuing predictable and trusted brands (Boone and Kurtz 217). The secondary target market will be characterized with each expansion opportunity by age demographics, population density in certain urban versus rural regions, and income demographics. In some key regions that have the most profitability opportunities, preliminary qualitative market research to identify key characteristics and market needs will be conducted. potential of higher resource buyers (e.g. the Believer markets). Behavioral characteristics for these markets will be considerably important for the creation of promotional materials to have impact on attitude and brand personality. The high volume of stresses and anxiety for the children of older adults can bring much more visibility to the business if these relationship development opportunities are included in targeted advertising. Because the goal of Off 2 Gran Grans is to establish a brand with dedication, credibility, trust and consistency, the reliability and conventionalism of the business can create emotional, social and psychological connections with the most opportunistic markets. There are very low franchising requirements associated with this type of business model, with initial investments between only $58,000 and $95,000 and liquid investor assets of only $39,000 (Entrepreneur.com 1). The expansion opportunities for Off 2 Gran Grans will provide additional support for achieving more market presence and producing consistent, streamlined promotional materials in widely-dispersed markets across the